TL;DR - Quick Summary
- 39 books written over ~1,000 years (1400-400 BC)
- Originally written in Hebrew (with some Aramaic)
- Covers creation to ~400 years before Christ
- 5 main sections: Law, History, Poetry, Major Prophets, Minor Prophets
- Points forward to the coming Messiah (Jesus)
- Foundation for understanding the New Testament
1. The Structure of the Old Testament
The Old Testament is organized into five major divisions, each serving a unique purpose in God's unfolding story:
| Section | Books | Count | Key Theme |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Law (Torah) | Genesis - Deuteronomy | 5 | Foundation & Covenant |
| Historical Books | Joshua - Esther | 12 | God's Faithfulness |
| Wisdom & Poetry | Job - Song of Solomon | 5 | Worship & Wisdom |
| Major Prophets | Isaiah - Daniel | 5 | Judgment & Hope |
| Minor Prophets | Hosea - Malachi | 12 | Call to Repentance |
2. The Law (Torah) - Books 1-5
The Pentateuch (five books) establishes the foundation of everything that follows:
Genesis - The Beginning
Key Themes: Creation, Fall, Flood, Patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph)
Why It Matters: Shows God's original design and His plan to redeem humanity through Abraham's descendants.
Famous Passages: Creation (1-2), Noah's Ark (6-9), Abraham's Call (12), Joseph's Story (37-50)
Exodus - Redemption & Law
Key Themes: Egyptian slavery, Moses, 10 Plagues, Red Sea crossing, Ten Commandments
Why It Matters: God delivers His people and establishes His covenant with them.
Famous Passages: Burning Bush (3), Passover (12), Red Sea (14), Ten Commandments (20)
Leviticus - Holiness
Key Themes: Sacrificial system, priesthood, ritual purity, holy living
Why It Matters: Shows God's holiness and how sin must be dealt with through sacrifice (pointing to Jesus).
Famous Passages: Day of Atonement (16), Love your neighbor (19:18)
Numbers - Wilderness Journey
Key Themes: 40 years wandering, census, rebellion, faithfulness
Why It Matters: Demonstrates consequences of unbelief and God's patience with His people.
Famous Passages: Spies report (13-14), Bronze serpent (21), Balaam (22-24)
Deuteronomy - Covenant Renewal
Key Themes: Moses' farewell, law repeated, blessings and curses
Why It Matters: Prepares new generation to enter Promised Land with renewed commitment to God.
Famous Passages: Shema (6:4-9), Choose life (30:19)
3. Historical Books - Books 6-17
These books chronicle Israel's history from entering Canaan to exile and return:
Conquest & Settlement (Joshua, Judges, Ruth)
Israel takes the Promised Land, cycles of sin and deliverance, Ruth's faithfulness
United Kingdom (1 Samuel - 1 Kings 11)
Establishment of monarchy: Saul, David, Solomon and temple construction
Divided Kingdom (1 Kings 12 - 2 Chronicles)
Kingdom splits into Israel (north) and Judah (south), decline into idolatry
Exile & Return (Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther)
Babylonian captivity, return to Jerusalem, rebuilding temple and walls
4. Wisdom & Poetry - Books 18-22
Job
Theme: Suffering & God's sovereignty
Key Question: Why do the righteous suffer?
Answer: Trust God even when you don't understand
Psalms
Theme: Worship, praise, and honest prayer
Structure: 150 songs covering every human emotion
Use: Prayer book and hymnal of ancient Israel
Proverbs
Theme: Practical wisdom for daily living
Purpose: Teaching skill in living righteously
Key: "Fear of the LORD is beginning of wisdom"
Ecclesiastes
Theme: Meaning and purpose in life
Message: Life without God is meaningless
Conclusion: Fear God and keep His commands
Song of Solomon
Theme: Celebration of marital love
Shows: God's design for marriage intimacy
Also: Picture of Christ's love for the Church
5. Major Prophets - Books 23-27
Isaiah - The Messianic Prophet
Time Period: 740-680 BC
Famous For: Most detailed prophecies about Jesus
Key Chapters: 6 (calling), 9 (unto us a child), 53 (suffering servant), 61 (good news)
Message: Judgment for sin, but hope through the coming Messiah
Jeremiah - The Weeping Prophet
Time Period: 627-586 BC
Message: Calls Judah to repent before exile
Famous: New Covenant prophecy (31:31-34)
Lamentations
Author: Jeremiah
Content: Mourning Jerusalem's destruction
Hope: God's mercies are new every morning
Ezekiel - The Visionary
Time Period: 593-571 BC (during exile)
Famous: Valley of dry bones (37)
Theme: God's glory and restoration
Daniel - The Faithful
Time Period: 605-536 BC (in Babylon)
Famous: Lion's den, fiery furnace, visions
Theme: God's sovereignty over nations
6. Minor Prophets - Books 28-39
Called "minor" due to length, not importance. These 12 prophets delivered powerful messages:
Hosea
God's unfailing love despite Israel's unfaithfulness
Joel
Day of the LORD and promise of the Spirit
Amos
Social justice and God's judgment
Obadiah
Judgment on Edom for pride
Jonah
God's mercy extends to all nations
Micah
What God requires: justice, mercy, humility
Nahum
Judgment on Nineveh's wickedness
Habakkuk
Wrestling with God's justice; living by faith
Zephaniah
Day of judgment and future restoration
Haggai
Rebuild the temple, put God first
Zechariah
Messianic visions and Jerusalem's future
Malachi
Call to faithfulness; messenger coming
7. Key Themes Throughout the Old Testament
God's Covenant Faithfulness
Despite Israel's repeated failures, God remains faithful to His promises to Abraham, Moses, and David.
The Need for Redemption
The sacrificial system and prophetic promises point to humanity's need for a perfect Savior.
God's Holiness & Justice
Sin has serious consequences, and God's holiness demands justice—yet He provides mercy.
The Coming Messiah
Over 300 prophecies point to Jesus: His birth, life, death, and resurrection.
"The law was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Jesus Christ."
John 1:178. How the Old Testament Points to Jesus
Adam
Jesus is the "last Adam" who succeeds where the first failed (1 Cor 15:45)
Passover Lamb
Jesus is our Passover sacrifice (1 Cor 5:7)
Bronze Serpent
Jesus lifted up to bring healing (John 3:14-15)
David's Greater Son
Jesus is the eternal King from David's line (Luke 1:32-33)
Suffering Servant
Isaiah 53 perfectly describes Jesus' crucifixion
Temple
Jesus is God dwelling with us (John 2:19-21)